Everything you need to know about COVID-19 vaccines.

Everything you need to know about COVID-19 vaccines.

madhuranjank.com | Updated: 27 march 2020, 06:55 IST

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 For up-to-date news and information about the coronovirus epidemic, visit the WHO website.

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COVID-19, a potentially fatal respiratory illness that was first detected in December 2019, has spread worldwide, canceling major events, postponing sports sessions, and sending many into self-imposed quarantine and self-isolation. Has been forced to. Health officials and governments are attempting to level the curve, reducing prevalence through the community, while scientists and biotech firms turn their attention to coronoviruses, causing the disease: SARS-CoV-2.


Since it was first discovered as the causative agent of the new disease, scientists have raced to get a better understanding of the virus's genetic makeup as to how it infects cells and how to treat it effectively. . There is no cure, and medical experts can only treat the symptoms of the disease. Many different treatment options have been proposed and some older drugs seem to be associated with positive results - but require much more work. However, the long-term strategy to counter COVID-19, which has spread to every continent on Earth except Antarctica, is to develop a vaccine.



New vaccines take time to develop, and must be rigorously tested and confirmed through clinical trials before they can be used routinely in humans. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases in the US, has often said that a vaccine is 18 months away from at least one year. Experts agree that there is no way out yet.

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Vaccines are incredibly important in the fight against the disease. We have been able to keep a handful of viral diseases at bay due to vaccine development. Nevertheless, confusion and uneasiness about their utility exists. This guide explains what vaccines are, why they are so important, and how scientists will use them in the fight against coronaviruses. It discusses current treatment options and those that show promise in hospitals.



As more candidates appear and tests are done, we will add them to this list, so bookmark this page and check back for the latest updates.

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What is a vaccine?

A vaccine is a type of treatment that aims to stimulate the body's immune system to fight infectious pathogens such as bacteria and viruses. They are "one of the most effective ways to prevent diseases," according to the World Health Organization.



The human body is particularly resilient to disease, developing a natural defense system against poorly disease-causing microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. The defense system - our immune system - is made up of a variety of white blood cells that can detect and destroy foreign invaders. Some gobble up bacteria, some produce antibodies that can tell the body what to do to destroy and eject germs, and other cells tell what the invaders see, so the body again Can react quickly when attacked.



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Vaccines are indeed a clever mock-out. They think that the body is infected so it stimulates this immune response. For example, the measles vaccine baffles the body thinking that it has measles. When you are vaccinated with measles, your body makes a record of the measles virus. If you come in contact with it in the future, the body's immunity decreases and you are ready to kill it back before getting sick.



The vaccine was developed much earlier in the late 18th century by a scientist named Edward Jenner. In a famous experiment, Jenner splashed pus from a milkman with smallpox - a type of virus that causes disease in most cows and is similar to a chicken pox virus - and introduced pus in a young boy. The young boy had become a little ill and had a mild case of smallpox. Later, Jenner vaccinated the boy with smallpox, but he did not become ill. Jenner's first injection of Gainpox pus trained the boy's body to recognize the cowpox virus and, because it is similar to smallpox, the youth was able to fight it and not get sick.



Vaccines have come an incredibly long way since 1796. Scientists certainly do not inject pus from patients into other patients, and vaccines must follow strict safety regulations, multiple rounds of clinical testing, and strong government guidelines before they can be adopted for widespread use.



See as nothingness The coronavirus epidemic closes stadiums, venues, schools See all photos What's in a vaccine?

Vaccines contain a handful of different ingredients depending on their type and how they aim to evoke an immune response. However,There is some commonality between them all.

 This is the part of the vaccine that the body can identify as foreign. Depending on the type of vaccine, an antigen may be a molecule from a DNA or strand of protein such as a virus. Instead there may be weaker versions of living viruses. For example, measles vaccines contain a weaker version of the measles virus. When a patient receives a measles vaccine, their immune system recognizes a protein present on the measles virus and learns to shut it down.



A second important component is helpful. An adjuvant works to enhance the immune response to an antigen. Whether a vaccine has an adjuvant or not depends on the type of vaccine.



Some vaccines were stored in vials that could be used multiple times and, as such, contained preservatives that ensured that they would be able to sit on a shelf without growing other nasty bacteria inside them. One such preservative is thimerosal, which has attracted much attention because it contains trace amounts of easily cleaned ethylmeric. According to the CDC, its inclusion in vaccines has not been shown to cause harm. In places like Australia, single-use vials are now common, and preservatives such as thimerosal are no longer required in most vaccines.



In developing a vaccine for SARS-CoV-2, scientists need to find a viable antigen that will stimulate the body's immune system in defense against infection.

Creating a COVID-19 Vaccine

The pathogen at the center of the outbreak, SARS-CoV-2, belongs to the family of viruses known as coronavir. The family is so named because, under a microscope, they appear on their surface with crown-like projections.



In developing a vaccine that targets SARS-CoV-2, scientists are increasingly looking at these hypotheses. Projection enables the virus to enter human cells where it can copy and form itself. They are known as "spike proteins" or "S" proteins. Researchers have been able to map projections in 3D, and research suggests that they can be a viable antigen in any coronavirus vaccine.

This is because the S protein is prevalent in the coronavirus that we have been involved in in the war in the past - including an outbreak of SARS in China in 2002–03. This has given researchers a head start on the manufacture of vaccines against part of the S protein and, using animal models, they have demonstrated that they can induce an immune response.



There are several companies worldwide working on the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine, which are developing different methods to stimulate the immune system. Some of the most talked about approaches are using a relatively novel type of vaccine known as the "nucleic acid vaccine". These vaccines are essentially programmable, containing a small piece of genetic code to act as an antigen.



Biotech companies such as Modern are able to create new vaccine designs against SARS-CoV-2 by taking a piece of the genetic code for the S protein and fusing it with fatty nanoparticles that can be injected into the body. Imperial College London Coronovirus RNA - is designing a similar vaccine using its genetic code. Pennsylvania biotech company Innovio is producing varieties of DNA, hoping it will stimulate an immune response. Although these types of vaccines can be made quickly, none have been brought to market.



johnson & Johnson and French pharmaceutical giant Sanofi are working with the Biomedical Advanced Research and Development Authority of America to develop their own vaccines. Sanofi plans to combine coronavirus DNA with genetic material from a harmless virus, while Johnson & Johnson will attempt to inactivate SARS-CoV-2, essentially ensuring its disease-causing ability is switched off. Is that it still stimulates the immune system.



Some research organizations, such as Boston Children's Hospital, are investigating a variety of adjuvants that will help enhance the immune response. According to the Harvard Gazette, this approach will be target.

When will the vaccine be available?

ted more towards the elderly, who do not respond effectively when vaccinated. It is hoped that by studying adjuvants to promote the vaccine, the elderly can be vaccinated with a mixture of ingredients that will supercharge their immunity.

The Institute of Infectious Diseases Fauci considered that a vaccine is about a year and a half away, even though we are likely to begin human trials within the next month or two. According to a 60-minute interview with Fauci in March, this is a sharp change


Dean of Health at Swinburne University in Australia. "We need to make sure the drug is safe, will not cause harm, and know how effective it is."Scientists cannot believe that their vaccine design will just work - they will have to test, test and test again. They must recruit thousands to ensure the safety of the vaccine and how useful it will be. This process can be broken down into six steps:



Vaccine Design: Scientists study a pathogen and decide how they will get the immune system to recognize it.

Animal Studies: A new vaccine is tested in animal models for the disease to show that it works and has no adverse effects.

Clinical trials (Phase I): These represent the first trials in humans and test the safety, dosage and side effects of a vaccine. These tests only enroll a small cohort of patients.

Clinical trial (Phase II): This is an in-depth analysis of how the drug or vaccine actually works biologically. It involves a large group of patients and assesses physiological responses and interactions with treatment. For example, if a vaccine stimulates the immune system in a certain way, a coronovirus test can be assessed.

Clinical Trials (Phase III): In the final phase of trials a greater amount of people tested is seen over a longer period of time.

Regulatory approval: The final hurdle looks at regulatory agencies, such as the US Food and Drug Administration, the European Medicine Agency and Australia's Medical Goods Administration, take a look at the evidence available from experiments and trials and conclude whether a vaccine is available to all. Should be given- clear as an alternative to treatment.

Traditionally, then, it can take a decade or more for a new vaccine to go from design to approval. Furthermore, once regulatory procedures conclude that a vaccine is safe, pharmaceutical companies must send production into overdrive, so they can manufacture enough of the vaccine to increase immunity in a wider population.



With SARS-CoV-2, the process is being accelerated in some cases. As reported by STATnews, the development by Modern has moved directly from vaccine design to phase I trials of its mRNA vaccine, skipping testing in animal models. Those trials will take place at the Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Institute in Seattle, and patients are now being enrolled.



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madhuranjank.com | Updated: 27 March 2020, 06:55 IST